Emotion and Motivation
10. Mechanisms of Emotion and Motivation
Theories of Emotion
The study of emotion attempts to sequence physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression. Early debates focused on whether physiological arousal precedes emotional experience or occurs simultaneously.
Classic Theories of Emotion
| Theory | Sequence of Events | Key Concept |
|---|---|---|
| James-Lange | Stimulus Arousal Emotion | Emotion is the perception of physiological changes. |
| Cannon-Bard | Stimulus Arousal + Emotion | Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously via thalamic routing. |
| Schachter-Singer | Stimulus Arousal Cognitive Label Emotion | Two-factor theory: Arousal must be cognitively interpreted. |
Which theory of emotion posits that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently?
The Cannon-Bard theory states that sensory information is routed simultaneously to the cortex (for subjective experience) and the sympathetic nervous system (for arousal).
Correct answer: Cannon-Bard Theory
Motivation Theories
Motivation directs and energizes behavior. Drive-reduction theory suggests that physiological needs create an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need, restoring homeostasis. However, humans are also motivated by complex psychosocial needs.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
The Overjustification Effect
When external rewards (extrinsic motivation) are given for a behavior that is already intrinsically rewarding, the person may lose their intrinsic motivation to perform the task.
Which almond-shaped limbic system structure is primarily responsible for the processing of emotions, particularly fear and aggression?
The amygdala plays a central role in evaluating the emotional significance of stimuli and generating emotional responses.
Correct answer: Amygdala