Learning and Behaviorism

Manual: General · Subject: Psychology

Examine the formal models of classical and operant conditioning and their mathematical representations.

3. Formal Models of Learning

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning can be mathematically quantified using the Rescorla-Wagner model, which calculates trial-by-trial changes in associative strength between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US): $\Delta V = \alpha \beta (\lambda - \Sigma V)$ Here, $\Delta V$ is the change in associative strength, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ represent the salience of the CS and US, $\lambda$ is the maximum conditioning possible, and $\Sigma V$ is the total associative strength of all stimuli present.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Reinforcement after a set number of responses. High rate of responding with post-reinforcement pauses.

Variable Ratio (VR)

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses. Yields high, steady response rates (e.g., gambling).

Fixed Interval (FI)

Reinforcement for the first response after a fixed time period. Produces a 'scalloped' response pattern.

Variable Interval (VI)

Reinforcement for the first response after unpredictable time intervals. Produces a slow, steady rate of response.

Operant Conditioning: Shaping

1

Identify the target behavior.
2

Identify the starting behavior (what the subject currently does).
3

Determine the successive approximations required to reach the target.
4

Differentially reinforce each successive approximation while extinguishing the previous one.

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, what does the term $(\lambda - \Sigma V)$ conceptually represent?

The salience of the conditioned stimulus The prediction error or degree of surprise The rate of spontaneous recovery The asymptote of the learning curve

Operant Conditioning

Pioneered by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning focuses on how consequences shape voluntary behavior. The Law of Effect, originally proposed by Thorndike, dictates that responses followed by a satisfying state of affairs are more likely to occur again.

Consequences in Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement

Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Positive: Adding a desirable stimulus.
Negative: Removing an aversive stimulus.

Punishment

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Positive: Adding an aversive stimulus.
Negative: Removing a desirable stimulus.

What term describes the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

Neuroanatomy Explorer

Memory Deck

Match the Pairs

Concept Constellation