Research Methods in Psychology
The Scientific Method
Steps in Psychological Research
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Step 1: Formulate a question or hypothesis.
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Step 2: Design the study and select a research method.
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Step 3: Collect the data.
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Step 4: Analyze the data and draw conclusions.
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Step 5: Report the findings (e.g., through publication).
Hypotheses and Variables
A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. In an experiment, the independent variable is the one manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one measured to see the effect of the manipulation.
Major Research Methods
Descriptive vs. Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational
- Observes and records behavior.
- Includes case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation.
- Can identify relationships but cannot prove cause and effect.
Experimental
- Manipulates variables to discover their effects.
- Involves experimental and control groups.
- Can determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Correlation is Not Causation
A common mistake is to assume that because two variables are correlated, one must cause the other. For example, ice cream sales and crime rates are correlated, but the cause is a third variable: hot weather. Always be critical of claims about cause and effect.
A researcher wants to know if caffeine consumption improves test scores. What is the dependent variable?
The dependent variable is what is being measured, which in this case is the effect of caffeine on test scores.
Correct answer: Test scores
Which research method involves watching subjects in their natural environment without intervention?
Naturalistic observation allows researchers to see behavior as it naturally occurs, providing high ecological validity.
Correct answer: Naturalistic observation