Research Methods and Evidence
How Social Scientists Know What They Know
Research Logic
Social science research begins with a question, then uses evidence to compare explanations. Good research distinguishes correlation from causation, controls for bias, and defines concepts clearly.
Common Methods
Quantitative vs Qualitative Research
Quantitative
- Uses numbers and statistics
- Best for patterns across large groups
- Often tests hypotheses
Qualitative
- Uses words, stories, and meanings
- Best for depth and context
- Often builds new theories
Common Pitfall
A strong association does not automatically mean one factor caused the other.
Which method is most useful for understanding lived experience in depth?
Interviews let researchers explore meanings, motivations, and context in detail.
Correct answer: Interview
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
A correlation can exist without one factor causing the other.
Correct answer: Correlation means two variables move together; causation means one produces change in the other.
Evaluating a Study
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Step 1: Check how the sample was chosen.
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Step 2: Examine whether variables were measured clearly.
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Step 3: Look for comparison groups or controls.
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Step 4: Ask whether alternative explanations were addressed.
Why is sampling important?
A sample can represent a broader population if it is chosen well.
Correct answer: It helps researchers make claims about a larger population.
Give one reason social science findings can be hard to generalize.
Social life varies across places, times, and groups, so context matters.
Correct answer: Because samples may be biased or contexts may differ