Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology
Glia as active neural participants
Beyond support cells
Glia are not passive scaffolds; they regulate synapse formation, neurotransmitter clearance, metabolic support, myelination, inflammatory signaling, and vascular coupling. Their dysfunction can reshape circuit excitability and repair capacity.
Major glial cell types
Astrocytes
- Homeostatic support and ion buffering
- Neurovascular coupling and synaptic regulation
Microglia
- Immune surveillance and pruning
- Rapid response to injury and inflammation
Which glial cell is primarily responsible for CNS myelination?
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system.
Correct answer: Oligodendrocyte
What is one function of astrocytes?
Astrocytes are essential for homeostasis and synaptic function.
Correct answer: They help regulate extracellular ions, neurotransmitter uptake, and metabolic support.
Neuroinflammation
Neuroinflammation can be protective, restorative, or damaging depending on context, duration, and cell state. Persistent inflammatory signaling may contribute to synaptic dysfunction, barrier disruption, and degeneration.
Double-edged immune responses
Immune activation can clear debris and support repair, but chronic activation may accelerate neurological injury.
Why is microglial pruning relevant in development?
This activity contributes to maturation of neural networks.
Correct answer: Because microglia help eliminate unnecessary synapses and refine circuits.
What is a major role of astrocytes in neural signaling?
Astrocytes strongly influence the extracellular milieu and synaptic function.
Correct answer: Regulating extracellular homeostasis and synaptic environment