Autonomic, Endocrine, and Homeostatic Control
Neural control of the internal milieu
Autonomic integration
The autonomic nervous system regulates cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, thermoregulatory, and secretory functions. Sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs are coordinated with endocrine responses to maintain homeostasis under changing demands.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most associated with 'rest and digest' function?
Parasympathetic output supports rest, digestion, and energy conservation.
Correct answer: Parasympathetic
Name one major function of the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus is a key hub for internal-state regulation.
Correct answer: Regulation of homeostasis, endocrine control, and autonomic integration.
Stress and allostasis
Stress responses involve coordinated activation of neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. Allostasis emphasizes achieving stability through change, but chronic activation may produce wear-and-tear on multiple organ systems.
Chronic stress
Prolonged dysregulation of stress systems can alter sleep, mood, metabolism, immune function, and cognitive performance.
Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
Sympathetic
- Mobilizes energy
- Increases heart rate and alertness
Parasympathetic
- Conserves energy
- Supports digestion and recovery
What is allostasis?
It is distinct from homeostasis in emphasizing active adaptation.
Correct answer: The process of achieving stability through physiological or behavioral change.
Which brain region is a major integrator of autonomic and endocrine control?
The hypothalamus is central to both autonomic and endocrine regulation.
Correct answer: Hypothalamus