Newton's second law states $F = ma$. In engineering dynamics, this law connects forces, mass, and motion in vehicles, machines, structures under impact, and robotic systems.

Kinetic energy is $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ and potential energy is often modeled as $PE = mgh$ or $PE = \frac{1}{2}kx^2$ for a spring. Energy methods are useful when forces are complicated but energy changes are easier to track.

Engineers reduce vibration using damping, stiffness changes, mass redistribution, isolation mounts, tuned absorbers, and active control systems. The best method depends on cost, space, and performance requirements.