The Scientific Method and Scientific Thinking
What Science Is
Science as a way of knowing
Science is a systematic way of investigating the natural world using observation, measurement, hypothesis testing, and evidence-based reasoning. It does not claim to answer every question; instead, it focuses on questions that can be tested against observations.
Core ideas
Important distinction
A scientific theory is not a guess. It is a broad explanation supported by many lines of evidence.
The scientific method in practice
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Step 1: Identify a question or problem.
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Step 2: Gather background information.
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Step 3: Form a testable hypothesis.
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Step 4: Design and perform an investigation.
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Step 5: Analyze data and compare outcomes.
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Step 6: Draw conclusions and revise ideas if needed.
Which statement best describes a scientific hypothesis?
A hypothesis must be testable so observations can support it or show that it needs revision.
Correct answer: A testable explanation that can be supported or rejected by evidence
Why is peer review valuable in science?
Peer review adds quality control by having other experts evaluate the work before broader acceptance.
Correct answer: It helps check methods, evidence, and conclusions for errors or bias.
Observation vs inference
Observation
- Directly measured or noticed
- Can be repeated by others
- Example: The thermometer reads
Inference
- A conclusion drawn from observations
- May depend on reasoning or prior knowledge
- Example: The room feels warm because the heater is on
Which is the best example of an observation?
A measured volume is a direct observation.
Correct answer: The beaker contains of liquid
What is one reason scientists use controls in experiments?
Controls help show whether changes in the outcome are caused by the factor being tested.
Correct answer: To isolate the effect of the independent variable.