Computer, Network, and Internet Basics

Manual: General · Subject: Cybersecurity

Understand the basic building blocks of computers and networks that ethical hackers work with.

Why Basics Matter

A computer is a machine that processes data using hardware and software. Ethical hackers need to understand how data is stored, moved, and protected.

A network connects devices so they can share information. A simple network may include a laptop, a router, and a website server.

Common Network Components

Component	What It Does
Client	Requests services or data
Server	Provides services or data
Router	Forwards traffic between networks
Switch	Connects devices inside a local network
Firewall	Filters network traffic based on rules

Important Concepts

IP Address

A number that identifies a device on a network.

DNS

The system that turns names like example.com into IP addresses.

Port

A numbered doorway used by network services.

Protocol

A rule set for communication, such as HTTP or TCP.

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Learning Tip

If a term feels abstract, ask: is it a device, a service, a rule, or an address?

What does DNS do?

Blocks malware Turns domain names into IP addresses Encrypts all traffic automatically Creates passwords

What is the purpose of a firewall?

Which device typically connects devices within a local network?

Switch DNS server Browser Spreadsheet