← Back to CoursesComputer Science: Intermediate

Neuroanatomy Explorer

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Memory Deck

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Match the Pairs

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Concept Constellation

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Programming Fundamentals and Control Flow

Manual: General · Subject: Computer Science

Develop a strong foundation in variables, expressions, branching, loops, and functions.

Core building blocks of programs

From instructions to behavior

A program is a sequence of instructions executed by a machine. Variables store values, expressions compute new values, and control flow determines which instructions run and how often. Together, these ideas let you transform input into output in a repeatable way.

Essential programming concepts

Variable
A named storage location for a value.
Expression
A combination of values and operators that evaluates to a result.
Branch
A decision point such as ifif / elseelse.
Loop
A repeated execution structure such as forfor or whilewhile.
Function
A reusable block of code with inputs and outputs.

A problem-solving workflow

  1. 1

    Step 1: Identify inputs, outputs, and constraints.

  2. 2

    Step 2: Break the problem into smaller subproblems.

  3. 3

    Step 3: Write the algorithm in plain language or pseudocode.

  4. 4

    Step 4: Implement the solution in code.

  5. 5

    Step 5: Test with normal, edge, and invalid cases.

Which structure is best for repeating a task until a condition becomes false?

Why are functions useful in programming?

Pseudocode thinking

Pseudocode is a human-readable description of an algorithm. It helps separate the logic of a solution from the syntax of any specific language, which makes it easier to reason about correctness before coding.

What is an edge case?

Describe one good test case for a function that finds the maximum of a list.