Biotechnology, Genomics, and Modern Applications
Biology in Practice
DNA tools
Modern biology uses PCR, gel electrophoresis, sequencing, cloning, and genome editing to study and modify genetic material. These tools rely on predictable base pairing and molecular biology principles.
Applications
Biotechnology supports medicine, agriculture, forensic science, and environmental monitoring. Examples include recombinant insulin, genetic screening, marker-assisted breeding, and CRISPR-based editing.
Why genomics matters
Sequencing entire genomes helps identify genes, mutations, and evolutionary relationships at high resolution.
PCR is primarily used to:
PCR exponentially copies a targeted DNA segment.
Correct answer: Amplify specific DNA sequences
What makes CRISPR useful in gene editing?
A guide RNA directs the system to a chosen genomic location.
Correct answer: It can be programmed to target specific DNA sequences with high precision.
Common biotechnology methods
| Method | Use |
|---|---|
| PCR | DNA amplification |
| Gel electrophoresis | DNA separation by size |
| Sequencing | Determine nucleotide order |
| CRISPR | Targeted genome editing |
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments mainly by:
Smaller DNA fragments migrate faster through the gel matrix.
Correct answer: Size
Name one ethical issue in modern biotechnology.
Biotechnology raises important safety, fairness, and governance questions.
Correct answer: Potential off-target effects, privacy concerns, unequal access, or ecological risks.